De Vries captured the World Karting Championship at the age of 15 in 2010, successfully defending the title the following year. He then began his single-seater career as part of McLaren’s driver development program.

In 2019, during his third season in FIA Formula 2, he claimed the series championship. Later that year, he entered Formula E with Mercedes for the 2019–20 season, and in the following 2020–21 season—the first held under FIA World Championship status—he achieved the distinction of becoming Formula E’s inaugural World Champion.

In 2022, he signed reserve driver agreements with multiple Formula 1 teams and took part in Free Practice 1 sessions that year for Williams, Mercedes, and Aston Martin. At the Italian Grand Prix, a last-minute call-up with Williams due to another driver’s illness led to a remarkable 9th-place finish on debut, drawing widespread attention within the F1 paddock.

In 2023, de Vries secured a regular race seat with AlphaTauri Honda. Although a combination of incidents and misfortune resulted in a mid-season replacement, his precise technical feedback was highly valued, contributing meaningfully to subsequent power-unit optimization and car development.

The 2024 season saw him compete in the Japanese Super Formula Championship, while also expanding his endurance racing program. He later pursued overall victory at Le Mans with Toyota in the WEC and challenged for a second Formula E title with Mahindra, showcasing his versatility across disciplines.